Jfftf{ k|s/0fjf/] s]xL l6Kk0fL

8f= afj'/fd e§/fO{

;]K6]Dj/ )&, @))#

Uft dfu !% ut]af6 z'? ePsf] bf]>f] o'¢lj/fd / jftf{k|s/0f cGttM oxL ebf} !) ut] cGTo ePsf] 5 . o;n] :jefjtM /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o /fhg}lts j[Qdf gof lh1f;fx? pTkGg u/]sf]] 5 - cflv/ of] jftf{ lsg c;kmn eof] / To;df ljleGg kIfx?sf] s] e"ldsf /x\of] < c;kmn x'g] eP dfcf]jfbLx? lsg jftf{df cfPsf lyP < cj efjL /fhg}lts ;Defjgf s] 5 < OToflb .
Jfftf{ lsg c;kmn eof] <

Jfftf{ c;kmn x'g'sf] k5fl8 sltkon] jflx/L ?k, c+z jf k|fljlws kIfnfO{ sf/0f jtfP klg xfdL ;du| /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o juL{o / /fhg}lts zlQm ;DjGw / ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|d'v sf/0f dfGg'kg]{ 7fGb5f}+ . lsgls ;jf b'O ;o jif{ k'/fgf] /fHo;QfnfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{g ug]{ o'ufGtsf/L hgljb|f]x;+u ;DjlGwt jftf{k|s/0fnfO{ Psb'O{ j6f lemgfdl;gf s'/fx?n] dfq ;kmn jf c;kmn kfg]{ geP/ b'j} kIfjf6 k|:t't d'ne"t /fhg}lts Ph]08f / /fHo;Qf;+u :jfy{ hf]l8Psf] k|d'v /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o zlQmx?sf] e"ldsfn] g} lg0ff{os 9+un] k|efljt ug]{ u5{ . oxL g} ;fdflhs ¢Gb / To;sf] lgbfgsf] lj1fg xf] . xfdLdWo] s;}nfO{ dgf]ut 9+un] Pp6f jf csf]{ s'/f nfUg'sf] To;df s'g} cy{ / dxTj x'“b}g .

o; ;Gb{edf ;jeGbf klxn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] ;ft jif{ nfdf] hgo'¢ / To;kl5sf] ;ft dlxgf nfdf] jftf{k|s/0f ;du| /fHo;Qf (state) kl/jt{g sf] k|Zgdf s]lGb|t lyof], gls Pp6f /fHo;Qf cGtu{tsf] ;/sf/ (government) kl/jt{g sf] k|Zgdf . /fhgLltzf:qsf ;fdfGo ljBfyL{nfO{ klg yfxf ePsf] s'/f xf] ls /fHo;Qf cGtu{t, Jo"/f]qm];L, ;]gf, dGqLdG8n, Gofokflnsf, ljwflosf OToflb ;j} cjoj kb{5g\ / To;nfO{ b]zsf] d"nsfg"'"g jf ;+ljwfgn] kl/eflift / Jojl:yt u5{ eg] ;/sf/ cGtu{t sfo{kflnsf jf dGqLd08n dfq} kb{5 . To;}n] xfdLn] j}zfv !$ ut] ;DkGg klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{df g} k'/fgf] /fHo;QfnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]/ sfod ul/g] gof“ cu|ufdL /fHo;Qf / To;sf] d"nsfg'g jf ;+ljwfgsf] d''Vo cGtj{:t' / To;sf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof jf ljlw cyf{t\ uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DjGwL /fhg}lts Ph]08f k|:t't u¥of}+ eg] /fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] k'/fgf] ;Qfn] lgs} nfdf] cfn6fnkl5 >fj0f #@ ut] z'? ePsf] t]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{df k'/fgf] /fHo;Qf / ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} sfod /fVg] 6fn6'n] ;'wf/ / eljiodf ';/sf/ dfq kl/jt{g ug]{ cfzosf] /fhg}lts Ph]08f k|:t't u¥of] . tL b'O Ph]08fx?sf] ;"Id cWoog ug]{ hf];'s}n] tL jLrdf pQ/L / blIf0fL w|'jh:tf] olt 7"nf] kmf;nf e]6\b5 ls ltgsf] tTsfn ldngljGb'sf] s'g} ;Defjgf x'b}g / oxL d'Vo /fhg}lts dtfGt/sf sf/0f g} jftf{ k|lqmof c;kmntfdf 6+'luPsf] xf] .

clxn] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] cfd hg;d'bfo / zxl/of dWojtL{ tKsfnfO{ e|d lbg b'O kIfsf Ph]08f jLr vfz} cGt/ g/x]sf] / c? s]xL ;dosf] 5nkmn kl5 ;xdlt / ;DemF}Tffdf k'Ug ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] eGg] cfzosf] b':k|rf/ u/]/ cfkm\gf] k|ltudgsf/L / o'¢lkkf;' rl/qnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug]{ h'g hdsf]{ ul//x]sf] 5 To;sf] j]n}df kbf{kmf; x'g' h?/L 5 . ljut cfwfztfJbL b]lvsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] s6' cg'ej kl5 cTolws hg;d'bfo / ;Dk"0f{ ;+;bjfbL tyf u}/;+;bjfbL /fhg}lts zlQmx? jLr jg]sf] cfd ;xdlt s] xf] eg] b]zdf nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] lglDt /fhtGq / p;sf] e/f}6] zfxL ;]gf g} ;jeGbf 7"nf] jfws zlQm xf] / pgLx?sf] eljio cj ;fj{ef}d hgtfn] g} 7]ufg gnufP;Dd b]zdf k'/fgf] 9+usf] nf]stGqn] ;d]t k"0f{tf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . hgtfn] cs'l07t 9+un] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;jf]{Rr ljlw lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t\ gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ePsfn] ;+ljwfg;efn] g} /fhf / zfxL ;]gf nufot ;j} s'/fx?sf] 6+'uf] nufpg' kb{5 eGg] b]zdf cfd hgdt jlg;s]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ k|ltljlDjt / k|ltlglwTj ub}{ xfdLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|:tfj cl3 ;f/]sf xf}+ . k/Gt' k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] k|:t't u/]sf] slyt '/fHok|0ffnLdf cu|ufdL ;'wf/ ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffFdf
/fhfnfO{ ckl/xfo{ cfwf/ jtfP/ hgtfdf lglxt /x]sf] elgPsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] 7f8}
lvNnL p8fOPsf] 5 eg] ljjfbsf] Pp6f d'Vo ljifo jg]sf] zfxL ;]gf jf/] rr}{ ug{ cfjZos 7flgPsf] 5}g . /fhtGq / zfxL ;]gfsf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f jt{dfg ;+ljwfg -h'g c;f]h !* kl5 j:t'tM d[tk|fo e};s]sf] 5_ sf] ;+zf]wg af6 lsdfy{ ;Dej 5}g / To;}sf] lglDt dfq klg gof“ ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg;ef ckl/xfo{ 5 eGg] xfd|f] c8fg xf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] cf}lrTo k'i6L ug]{ oxf“ eGbf 7"nf] / leGg cfwf/ c? s] rflxof] < s'/f] olt k|:6 5bf5b} klg hgtfdf e|d 5g{ dfcf]jfbLn] gof“ ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg;efsf] cf}lrTo k"i6L ug{ ;s]gg\ eGg] h'g b':k|rf/ /ftf]lbg ul/Psf] 5 To;sf] ;d'lrt e08fkmf]/ ;r]t hg;d'bfojf6} xf]cf];\ eGg] xfd|f] cfu|x 5 . o; ;Gbe{df sltko /fhg}lts zlQmx?n] e|djz jf hfgLj'emL u0ftGqsf] dfu 5f]l8;s]kl5 ;+ljwfg;ef lsg rflxof] eGg] h'g k|Zg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 pgLx?nfO{ xfdL låljwf/lxt efiffdf s] k|:6 ug{ rfxG5f}+ eg] xfd|f] kf6L{n] u0ftGqsf] k|Zg slxNo} kl/Tofu u/]sf] 5}g / ug]{jfnf klg 5}g . vfln xfdLn] eg]sf] s] dfq xf] eg] /fhfsf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ jftf{sf] 6]j'naf6 l;w} u0ftGqsf] dfu :jLsfg{ ufx|f] x'G5 eg] To;sf] l5gf]kmfgf] ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t\ u/f}+, h;df xfdLn] u0ftGqsf] kIfdf k|rf/ ug]{5f}+ . s] To;f] eGg' u0ftGq 5f]8]sf] x'G5 < ljNs'n x'“b}g . j? cfkm}+n] cfkm"nfO{ 'ckl/xfo{ 7fGg] /fhf / /fhfnfO{ 'ckl/xfo{ 7fGg] /fhfjfbL, ;+;bjfbL / ltgsf cGt/f{li6"o u'?x? ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf jLrdf uP/ cfkm\gf] efUosf] km};nf ug{ o;/L h'sf l6Dj'/;“u 8/fPem}+ 8/fpg'sf] /x:o s] xf] < olb k'/fgf] ;QfkIfnfO{ /fhtGq 'ckl/xfo{ / ckl/jt{gLo xf] eg] xfdL qmflGtsf/L hgjfbLx?sflglDt hgtfnfO{ cs'l07t / k"0f{ ?kn] ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg jgfpg] s'/f ckl/xfo{ / ckl/jt{gLo xf] . uf“7L s'/f olQ xf] / jftf{k|lqmof oxL ljGb'df e+u ePsf] xf] . cfu] km};nf hgtfsf] .

o; cltl/Qm xfdLn] cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts Ph]08fdf gof“ ;+ljwfgsf Go"gtd cGt/j:t'sf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] ;+ljwfgdf s'g} ckl/jt{gLo k|fjwfg /xg gx'g], hgk|ltlglw;efdf ljleGg ju{, hflt, If]q, blnt, dlxnf cflbsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ / ;/sf/df ;d]t ;d'lrt k|ltlglwTj x''g'kg]{, pTkLl8t hflt / hghfltx?nfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxt :jzf;g x''g'kg]{, /fHo wd{lg/k]If x'g'kg]{, lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, hgtfsf] df}lns clwsf/ x'g'kg]{, hldg hf]Tg]s]f cfwf/df qmflGtsf/L e"ld;wf/ x'g'kg]{, ;Dk"0f{ c;dfg ;GwL ;Demf}tf vf/]h x'g'kg]{ cflb 7f]; k|fjwfgjf/] k/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] cjwf/0ffn] s]xL cd"t{ s'/f dfq u/]/ pDsg vf]h]sf] :k:6 5 . /fhg}lts ;fy;fy} cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts If]qdf cfd'n kl/jt{gsf oL Ph]08fdf klg uDeL/ dte]t /x]sfn] jftf{ dfkm{t\ tTsfn cu|ufdL lgsf; ;Dej gePsf] / kmn:j?k jftf{sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt ePsf] s'/f ;a}n] /fd|/L a'‰g h?/L 5 .

ljleGg kIfx?sf] e"ldsf

hh{/ jlg;s]sf] k'/fgf] ;Qf;“u lgxLt :jfy{ hf]l8Psf k|d'v kfqx?sf] gsf/fTds / c;xof]uL e"ldsfsf] sf/0f klg jftf{ k|lqmof c;kmn x'g k'u]sf] s'/f :ki6 5 . vf;u/L k'/.gf] ;Qfsf] zlQm Ps 7fp“df s]lGb"t x'g' ;§f Tof] d'Votof /fhf, zfxL ;]gf, ;+;bjfbL bnx? / cGt/f{li6"o zlQm s]Gb|x?sf] xftdf jf“l8g' / pgLx?n] cf–cfkm\g} bL3{sfnLg / tTsfnLg :jfy{ cg';f/ jftf{nfO{ leGg leGg lbzflt/ tfGg vf]Hg'n] jftf{sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ uDeL/ c;/ k'¥ofPsf] s'/fdf cj s'g} z+sf 5}g .
;j{k|yd, ;jf b'O ;o jif{b]lv Pp6f jf csf]{ ?kdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] g]t[Tj ;DxfNb} cfPsf] / c;f]h !* kl5 k'gM ;lqmo / lg/+s'z jg]sf] /fhtGqn] jftf{nfO{ b]zsf] ljBdfg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ dfWodsf] ;§f cfkm\gf] v:sb} uPsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'9[9 ug]{ / k|ltudgnfO{ dhj't kfg]{ xts08fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ vf]Hof] / jftf{nfO{ c;kmn ug{df lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Nof] . xfdLn] z'?b]lvg} c;f]h !* kl5 k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] /fhg}lts / kmf}hL b'j} g]t[Tj /fhfsf] xftdf uPsf] tYo :ki6 kfb}{ jftf{nfO{ tfls{s lg:sif{;Dd k'¥ofpg] xf] eg] l;w} /fhf jf pgsf 3f]]lift k|ltlglw;+u jftf{ x'g'kg]{ s'/f /fVof+} t/ /fhfn] Pp6f jf csf]{ jxfgfdf leGg leGg l;vG8Lx?nfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ cfkm'n] k5fl8jf6 tL/ rnfpg] sfd u/] . cGTodf jftf{ lg0ff{os ljGb"df k'u]sf] j]nf slyt :jf:Yo hf“rsf] lgx'df /fhfsf] n08g knfogn] /fhf of t s'g} ljb]zL zlQmsf] nfrf/ s7k'tnL dfq jg]sf 5g\ jf pgL jftf{nfO{ /0fgLlts :jfy{k"lt{sf] dfWod dfq jgfpg] if8\oGqdf ;+nUg 5g\ eGg] k''i6L u¥of] . b'j} l:yltdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] g]t[Tj ;Dxfn]sf /fhfsf] e"ldsf jftf{k|lt k"0f{?kn] gs/fTds /x\of] .

k/Dk/fut ?kdf /fhtGqk|lt jkmfbf/ /xb} cfPsf] zfxL ;]gfsf]] e"ldsf ;fdfGotof /fhfsf] eGbf leGg x'gg;Sg] k|:6 x'bfx'b} klg dfG5]sf] /utsf] :jfb rfv]sf] jf3 em}+ u[xo'¢sf] j]nf cyfx jh]6dfly xft uf8\g / xltof/sf] sldzg vfg kNs]sf] zfxL ;]gfsf] pkNnf] g]t[Tjn] /fhfeGbf klg Ps sbd cufl8 j9]/ jftf{nfO{ c;kmn kfg{ / u[xo'¢nfO{ cem}+ rsf{pg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nof] . z?b]lv g} o'¢lj/fd / cfrf/;+l+xtfsf] pNn+3g u/]/ bh{gf}+sf] xTof ug]{, bf]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] lg0f{osf] v'Nnf pNn+3g ug]{ / j]nfs'j]nf jQmJojfhL ug]{, t]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] k"j{;GWofdf bf]/Defdf !( hgf lgz:q JolQmx?nfO{ sJhfdf lnP/ g[;+; xTof ug]{, t]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;+;f/sf ;j} jftf{ k|lqmof ljkl/t ljb|f]xL kIfsf] xltof/ j'emfpg] d"v{tfk"0f{ 3[i6tf ug{ nufpg], jftf{ e+u x'gf;fy ;xhstf{x?sf] sfof{nodf ;d]t 5fkf df/]/ cft+s km}nfpg] cflb xs{tx?n] zfxL ;]gf lgof]lht 9+un] jftf{ ef“8\gdf pBt /x]sf] k'i6L ub{5g\ .

To;/L g} k|d'v ;+;bjfbL bnx?sf] e"ldsf klg jftf{k|lt cf]7] ;dy{g JoQm ug'{df g} ;Lldt /x\of] / jftf{nfO{ tfls{s lg:sif{;Dd k'¥ofpg pgLx?sf] s'g} ;sf/fTds e"ldsf /x]g . P]ltxfl;s ?kdf :jo+ /fhtGq / zfxL ;]gf¢f/f kLl8t x'“b} cfPsf] eP klg ;+;bjfbL bnx?n] cGttM /fhtGq / zfxL ;]gf lj?¢ nlIot / k'/fgf] k'FlhjfbL k|hftGqnfO{ k"0f{tfM lbg] Ph]08f jf]s]sf] jftf{ k|s/0fnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ ;sf/fTds / ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng'sf] ;§f tTsfnLg ;Qf:jfy{df nf]leP/ leqleq} jftf{sf] c;kmntfsf] lglDt cf/fwgf ul//x]sf] b]lvg' 7"nf] P]ltxfl;s lj8Djgf jGg k'u]sf] 5 . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? ;d]t ;+ljwfg;efsf] :t/;Dd p7\g ;s]sf] eP /fhfdfly hjh{:t bjfj kg{ ;SYof] / @))& ;fnb]lvsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] cw'/f] Ph]08f clxn] k"/f x'g;SYof] eGg] hfGbfhfGb} ;+;bjfbL bnx?sf] g]t[Tjn] lsg o;/L cfkm\g} v'§fdf j~r/f] xfGof] Tof] nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] /x:osf] ljifo /lx/xg] 5 .

oL ;j}sf] ;fydf jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ /fhg}lts lgsf;ljxLg c;kmntfdf 6'+Uofpg sltko cGt/f{li6"o zlQms]Gb|x?sf] x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsfn] lg0f{fos jf c;fWo} dxTjk"0f{ sfd u¥of] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} z+s} /xb}g . vfzu/L jflx/ d'vn] 7"nf] 'k|hftGqsf] kmnfsf] nufP klg jf:tljs Jojxf/df t]>f] ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx?df v'“vf/ ;}lgs tfgfzfxx? jf dWo'uLg /fhfdxf/fhf / ;'Ntfgx?nfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ cfkm\gf] ;fdl/s :jfy{ k"lt{ ub}{ cfPsf] cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn] gf+u} ?kdf g]kfndf /fhf / zfxL ;]gfnfO{ dhj't kf/]/ cfkm\gf] ;fdl/s :jfy{ k"/f ug]{ s;/t ul//x]sf] ;j}n] b]Vg ;Sb5g\ . o'¢lj/fd / jftf{k|lqmof rfn' /x]sf] j]nf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbL ;Qfn] g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL _ nfO{ slyt cft+sjfbL sf] lni6df r9fpg', g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] ;QfkIf;+u kf“rjif]{ k|ltcft+sjfbL ;Demf}tf ug'{, c/jf}+ ?lkof“ j/fj/sf cfw'lgs xftxltof/ ;lxt ;}+of} ;}lgs k|lzIfsx? k7fpg', cd]l/sL /fhb"tn] ;a} lzi6frf/ / s'6gLlts dof{bfsf ;Ldf ldr]/ xfdL dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ PSNofpg] cfj\xfg\ ug'{ cflbaf6 jftf{k|lqmof ef“8]/ o'¢ rsf{pgdf cGt/f{li6«o zlQm s]Gb|x?sf] e"ldsf k|jn /x]sf] ;xh k'i6L x'G5 .
xfd|f] cfkm\g} e"ldsf

hxf“;Dd jftf{k|lqmof cGttM /fhgLlts lgsf;ljxLg 9+un] 6'+lug] lglZrtk|foM x'bfx'b} xfdL lsg jftf{df ;xefuL jGof}+ eGg] :jfefljs k|Zg 5, xfdLn] z'?b]lv g} k|i6 kfb}{ cfO/x]sf5f}+ ls u[xo'¢sf] /0fg}lts ;Gt'ng (strategic equilibrium) sf] cleJolQm :j?k / b]zsf] ljlzi7 e"/fhg}lts l:yltnfO{ Wofg lb+b} xfdLn] k"0f{ uDeL/tf / OdfGbf/Ltfsf ;fy jftf{dfM k|j]z u/]sf xf}+ / hlt vf]tn] klg jf:tljs tYo ToxL xf] . Oltxf;df /fhfx?n] :j]R5fn] u¢L Tofu]sf] pbfx/0f c;fWo} ckjfbhGo x'bfx'b} klg g]kfnsf] jt{dfg w/ftnLo oyfy{df /fhf ;dIf cj ljb]zLsf] s7k'tnL jg]/ b]zeQmx?sf] sTn]cfd ug]{ ls ;Rrf b]zeQmx?nfO{ ;Qf x:tfGt/0f u/]/ b]zsf] :jfwLgtf / ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] /Iff ug]{ eGg] b'O ljsNk dfq} jf“sL /x]sfn] xfdLn] /fhfnfO{ j]n}df cfÎgf] lsQf 5gf}6 ug]{ df}sf lbg rfx]sf xf}+ . ljut ;ft dlxgfsf] qmddf xfdLn] ljleGg dfWodx? Dffkm{t\ /fhf / pgsf] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ of] s'/f ;Dk|]lift ug]{ e/dUb"/ k|oTg u¥of}+ t/ clGtd kl/0ffdn] gf/fo0flx6Lsf08 kl5sf] gof“ /fhf df ;fdGtL /fi6«jfbsf] s'g} c+z jf“sL 5}g / pgL k"0f{?kn] ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx?sf] s7k'tnL jlg;s]sf 5g\ eGg] k'i6L u¥of] . jftf{ k|s/0f j:t'tM c;kmntfdf 6'+lug] k|d'v sf/0f cGTodf oxL /x\of] .

b]z / hgtfk|l|tsf] pRr lhDd]jf/Ljf]w jfx]s c? s'g} klg s'/fsf] xfd|f] kf6L{dfly jftf{ z'? ug{ / cGTo ug{ s'g} bjfj lyPg eGg] s''/f Oltxf;n] Ps lbg cjZo k''i6L ug]{5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ k"0f{ ljZjf; 5 . xfdLn] jftf{df cfjZos nrstf / w}o{ k|bz{g u/]gf}+ eGg] sltkosf] cf/f]kdf klg xfdL s'g} t's b]Vb}gf}+, lsgls hgu0ftGqsf] ceLi6 /fVg] kf6L{n] j'h'{jf k|hftGqsf] ;jf]{Rr ljlw ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ tTsfnLg zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] ljlzi7tfdf ;femf Go"gtd sfo{qmd jgfpg ;xdlt hgfpg" eGbf nrstf c? s]xL xg} ;Sb}g . To;/L g} cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] s'g} ;Defjgf gb]lvPkl5 jftf{ sf] lglDt jftf{sf] s'/f u/]/ b]z / hgtfnfO{ e|ddf /fVg' 3f]/ cg}ltstf / u}/lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ x'GYof], To;}n] xfdLn] ;j}nfO{ kof{Kt hfgsf/L lbP/ pko'Qm ;dodf g} jftf{ ;dfKtLsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of}+ . hxf;Dd PskIfLo ?kdf jftf{ e+u ul/of] eGg] b'ik|rf/ cleofg 5, Oltxf;df ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg jftf{ k|s/0fdf cGTodf uP/ ljb"f]xL kIfn] g} PskIfLo ?kdf e+usf] 3f]if0ff u5{, lsgls clglZrt 9+un] o'¢lj/fd / jftf{ nDJofP/ ljb|f]x dTy/ kfg{ / t'xfpg pBt k'/fgf] ;QfkIf låkIfLo ?kdf jftf{ e+usf] 3f]if0ff ug{ slxNo} ;xdt x'b}g . j? cfd lgod s] xf] eg] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] cu|ufdL lgsf;sf] jf6f] jGb u/]/ j:t'ut ?kdf (objectively) klxn] jftf{sf] cGTo ub{5 / kl5 jfWo eP/ ljb|f]xL kIfn] To;nfO{ cfTdut ?kdf (subjectively) 3f]if0ff u5{ . oxf“ klg ePsf] ToxL xf] .
efjL /fhg}lts lbzf

lglZrt ?kdf b]zsf] /fhgLlt ;jf b'O ;o jif{sf] Oltxf;df oltj]nf ;j}eGbf ;+uLg df]8df k'u]sf] 5 . cj k'/fgf] ;Qf pxL ?kdf l6ls/fVg lsdfy{ ;Dej 5}g . b]zleq ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] hg;dy{g u'dfO;s]sf] /fhtGqfTds k'/fgf] ;Qf cj ljb]zL zlQmsf] cf8df k"/} kmf}hLs/0f x'g] / p;n] cfkm\gf] cl:tTjsf] clGtd n8fO{ n8\g] ;Defjgf g} tTsfn ;jeGbf k|jn 5 . l;w} kmf}hL zfzgsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ ls kmf}hL zfzgnfO{ ;+;bjfbL bnx?sf] s7k'tnL ;/sf/sf] cfj/0fn] 5f]k]/ ljZj hgdtnfO{ s]xL ;do c? e|d lbg] k|oTg ug]{ eGg] jfx]s csf]{ ljsNk cj ;+s6u|:t k'/fgf] ;QfnfO{ 5b}5}g . 'k|hftGq sf] cfj/0fleq clt s|"/ kmfl;jfbsf] cEof; u/fp“b} cfPsf cGt/f{li6"o zlQm s]Gb|x?n] k'gM Psk6s hg;dy{g u'dfpb} u}/x]sf ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? -tL dWo] klg gSsnL nfnem08f jf]Sg]x? !) sf] sf“wdf /fv]/ zfxL ;]gfsf] jGb"s qmflGtsf/Lx?lt/ ;f]‰ofpg] u'?dGq /fhfnfO{ gb]nfg\ eGg ;lsGg . cGttM h;sf] sf“wdf /fv]/ k8\sfP klg Tof] ljb]zL jGb's g} x'g]5 / Tof] ;Qfsf] rl/q ;}Go kmfl;jfb g} x'g]5 . ljb]zL dflnsx?sf] cfb]z jdf]lhd /fhfn] cj z]/axfb'/ jf dfwj g]kfn jf s'g} ;+;bjfbL g]tfnfO{ l6sf] nufOlbP klg pgLx?sf] x}l;ot nf]s]Gb| / ;"o{axfb'/sf] eGbf leGg x'g]5}g / dl/;s]sf] )$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+;bLo k|hftGq Jo'“ltg] jfnf 5}g .

To;}n] cj ljb]zL zlQms]Gb|x?sf] s7k'tnL jlg;s]sf /fhf / pgnfO{ ljGtLkq xfn]/ ;Qfsf] s';L{df j:g] ;kgf b]lv/x]sf ;+;bjfbL bnsf g]tfx?sf] e|ddf gk/L ;Dk"0f{ ;+;bjfbL / u}/;+;bjfbL zlQmx? tyf cfd hg;d'bfon] b]zdf k"0f{ / jf:tljs nf]stGqsf] lglDt d'Vo jfws jlg/x]sf] /fhtGq / p;sf] e/f}6] zfxL ;]gfsf] lj?¢ lg0ff{os ;+3if{ ug{' P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf jlg;s]sf] 5 . gof“ lzz' hGdg] j]nfdf k|;j j]bgf lgs} kL8fbfoL x'g;S5 t/ cj l56} b]zdf k"0f{ ?kn] :j:y / ;SsnL nf]stGqsf] gof“ lzz'nfO{ hGdgjf6 s;}n] klg /f]Sg ;Sg]5}g .